Abstract: Blood transfusion is a critical medical procedure used to restore blood components or replace blood loss. While transfusions are generally safe, there is a potential for adverse reactions and complications. This article aims to provide an overview of the various adverse reactions associated with blood transfusion, including immune and non-immune reactions, infectious complications, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Understanding these potential risks is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure the safe and effective administration of blood products.

Introduction: Blood transfusions are commonly performed to treat patients with various medical conditions such as anemia, bleeding disorders, and during surgical procedures. Although blood components undergo rigorous testing and screening processes, adverse reactions can still occur. These reactions can be classified as immune or non-immune reactions and may range from mild to life-threatening. Additionally, infectious complications and TRALI are additional risks associated with blood transfusion.

Types of Adverse Reactions:

1. Immune Reactions: a. Hemolytic reactions: Occur when there is a mismatch between the donor and recipient blood types, leading to the destruction of red blood cells. b. Febrile non-hemolytic reactions: Characterized by fever and chills and caused by antibodies against donor white blood cells or platelets. c. Allergic reactions: Manifest as hives, itching, or rash due to sensitivity to allergens present in the blood product. d. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI): A severe reaction resulting in acute lung injury, often caused by antibodies in donor plasma.
2. Non-immune Reactions: a. Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO): Occurs when blood volume exceeds the recipient’s circulatory capacity, leading to fluid overload. b. Transfusion-related acute gut injury (TRAGI): Characterized by abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea, often associated with red blood cell transfusion. c. Metabolic complications: May include hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, or citrate toxicity, which can occur due to specific components of the transfused blood product.
3. Infectious Complications: a. Bacterial contamination: Rare but potentially serious, leading to sepsis or other systemic infections. b. Viral infections: Although extensive screening reduces the risk, viruses such as hepatitis B and C, HIV, and West Nile virus can still be transmitted.

Prevention and Management: Prevention of adverse reactions involves meticulous donor screening, proper blood component selection, and adherence to transfusion protocols. Recognition and prompt management of adverse reactions are essential to mitigate potential complications. Treatment may include discontinuing the transfusion, providing supportive care, administering medications, or specialized interventions as required.

Conclusion: Blood transfusion is a lifesaving intervention; however, it carries a risk of adverse reactions and complications. Immune and non-immune reactions, infectious complications, and TRALI are potential risks associated with transfusion. Healthcare professionals should be vigilant in recognizing and managing adverse reactions promptly to ensure patient safety and well-being. Continued efforts in screening, testing, and improving transfusion practices are crucial for minimizing these risks and optimizing patient outcomes.